All Academic Studies

Allen, A. and D. N. Plank (2005). "School Board Election Structure and Democratic Representation." Educational Policy 19(3): 510-527.

Anzia, S. (2014). Timing and Turnout: How Off-Cycle Elections Favor Organized Groups. New York, Cambridge.

Anzia, S. (2012). "The Election Timing Effect: Evidence from a Policy Intervention in Texas." Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7(3): 209-248.

Anzia, S. F. (2011). "Election Timing and the Electoral Influence of Interest Groups." The Journal of Politics 73(2): 412-427.

Anzia, S. and R. Bernhard (2021). "Gender Stereotyping and the Electoral Success of Women Candidates: New Evidence from Local Elections in the United States." British Journal of Political Science.

Augenblick, N. E. D. and S. Nicholson (2016). "Ballot Position, Choice Fatigue, and Voter Behaviour." The Review of Economic Studies 83(2 (295)): 460-480.

de Benedictis-Kessner, J. (2017). "Off-Cycle and Out of Office: Election Timing and the Incumbency Advantage." The Journal of Politics 80(1): 119-132.

Caren, N. (2007). "Big City, Big Turnout? Electoral Participation in American Cities." Journal of Urban Affairs 29(1): 31-46.

Berry, C. R. and J. E. Gersen (2011). "Election Timing and Public Policy." Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6(2): 103-135.

Bowler, T. D., Trudi Happ (1992). "Ballot Propositions and Information Costs: Direct Democracy and the Fatigued Voter." Political Research Quarterly 45(2): 559-570.

Collins, J., Lucero, E., & Trounstine, J. (2020). "Will Concurrent Elections Reshape the Electorate?" California Journal of Politics and Policy 12(1).

Dynes, A. M., et al. (2021). "Off-Cycle and Off Center: Election Timing and Representation in Municipal Government." American Political Science Review 115(3): 1097-1103.

Einstein, K., et al. (2024). "The Gray Vote: How Older Home-Owning Voters Dominate Local Elections.".

Einstein, K., et al. (2018). "Who Participates in Local Government? Evidence from Meeting Minutes." Perspectives on Politics.

Gong, H., and Cynthia L. Rogers (2014). "Does Voter Turnout Influence School Bond Elections?" Southern Economic Journal 81(1): 247-262.

Hajnal, Z. (2010). America’s Uneven Democracy: Turnout, Race, and Representation in City Politics. New York, Cambridge University Press.

Hajnal, Z. L., et al. (2002). Municipal Elections in California: Turnout, Timing, and Competition. San Francisco, Public Policy Institute of California.

Hajnal, Z. L., et al. (2021). "Who Votes: City Election Timing and Voter Composition." American Political Science Review: 1-10.

Zoltan Hajnal, Vladimir Kogan, and Agustin Markarian. 2024. Who Wins When: Election Timing and Descriptive Representation. American Journal of Political Science

Hajnal, Z. and J. Trounstine (2005). "Where Turnout Matters: The Consequences of Uneven Turnout in City Politics." Journal of Politics 67(2): 515-535.

Hajnal, Z. L. and P. G. Lewis (2003). "Municipal Institutions and Voter Turnout in Local Elections." Urban Affairs Review 38(5): 645-668.

Hartney, M. T. and S. D. Hayes (2021). "Off-Cycle and Out of Sync: How Election Timing Influences Political Representation." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 21(4): 335-354.

Hess, F. (2002). School Board at the Dawn of the 21st Century, American Enterprise Institute.

Holbrook, T. and A. Weinschenk (2014). "Campaigns, Mobilization, and Turnout in Mayoral Elections." Political Research Quarterly 67(1): 42-55.

Jensen, N. M., et al. (2020). "Electoral Institutions and Electoral Cycles in Investment Incentives: A Field Experiment on Over 3,000 U.S. Municipalities*." American Journal of Political Science 64(4): 807-822.

Jurjevich, J. (2016). Who Votes for Mayor, Portland State University.

Kogan, V., et al. (2018). "Election Timing, Electorate Composition, and Policy Outcomes: Evidence from School Districts." American Journal of Political Science 62(3): 637-651.

Kogan, V. et al. (2021). "The Democratic Deficit in U.S. Education Governance." American Political Science Review.

Kogan, V., et al. (2021). "How Does Minority Political Representation Affect School District Administration and Student Outcomes?" American Journal of Political Science.

Marschall, M. and J. Lappie (2018). "Turnout in Local Elections: Is Timing Really Everything?" Election Law Journal 17(3).

Moe, T. M. (2006). "Political Control and the Power of the Agent." The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 22(1): 1-29.

Munley, V., et al. (2023). "The impact of voter turnout on referendum outcomes: evidence from Ireland." Public Choice 194(3): 369-393.

Ornstein, J. (2019). Election Timing and the Politics of Urban Growth. U. o. Michigan. https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ornstein/wp-content/uploads/sites/157/2018/04/election-timing.pdf.

Payson, J. (2017). "When Are Local Incumbents Held Accountable for Government Performance? Evidence from US School Districts." Legislative Studies Quarterly 42: 421-448.

Schaffner, B. F., et al. (2020). Hometown Inequality: Race, Class, and Representation in American Local Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Streb, M. J. and B. Frederick (2011). "When Money Cannot Encourage Participation: Campaign Spending and Rolloff in Low Visibility Judicial Elections." Political Behavior 33(4): 665-684.

Townley, A. J., et al. (1994). "School Board Elections: A Study of Citizen Voting Patterns." Urban Education 29(1): 50-62.

Trounstine, J. (2012). "Turnout and Incumbency in Local Elections." Urban Affairs Review 49(2): 167-189.

Tucker, H. (2004). "Low Voter Turnout and American Democracy." ECPR Joint Sessions.

Warshaw, J. d. B.-K. a. C. (2024). "The Electoral and Policy Effects of Election Timing in City
and County Governments."

Webber, D. J. (2010). "School District Democracy: School Board Voting and School
Performance." Politics and Policy 38(1): 81-96.

Wood, C. (2002). "Voter Turnout in City Elections." Urban Affairs Review 38(2): 209-231.